Pictures From My Vacation in Cuba

As the course is coming to the end. I want to share some of my Vacation pictures from last Christmas in Cuba.  I was there for a week, mostly enjoying the resort in Varadero. I visited the capital Havana for one of those days, and bought some souvenirs from the locals. I had a lot of Cuban cuisine for the week and they were delicious. The beaches were beautiful and I really enjoyed the stay!

Book Analysis

Book Report: Who Killed Palomino Molero?

By:Yuxing Wang

The long fiction Who killed Palomino Molero? was written by the Nobel Prize Winner Mario Vargas Llosa in 1986. The edition I read was published in 1988 by the Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company in New York. This novel consist a total of 151 pages, taking the reader through a detective story around the murder of Palomino Molero. The ending of the story was rather confusing to me. I will explain my interpretation of the story in the first part of my report. The second part of my report will include some of the real social issues exposed in the story, such as machismo (when men treats women as objects of their desires), class prejudice, and corruption within the governing systems back in the 1950s.

       The story began with the discovery of a brutally tortured corpse of Paliomino Molero near an Air Force base. Molero was portrayed as an angelic character that was polite and gentle. In addition, Molero had the voice of an angel, and was incredible at serenade. The officers that were responsible for the case were Lieutenant Silva and his partner Lituma. Silva showed both lascivious and intelligent characteristics. Silva had two goals in life, one was to find the murderer of Paliomino Molero, and the other was to sleep with the chubby women Dona Adriana, who was a married woman with a husband and several kids. Lituma was the protagonist and the narrator of the story. The story was told from his point of view. Lituma seemed to be sentimental and imaginary, many of his thoughts and ratiocination are shared throughout the texts, but most of them are false. He appeared to be an eager learner from Lieutenant Silva, and deep down, Silva was a role model for Lituma. As the story progresses, the detective have found that Palomino Molero chose to enlist in the Air Force in order to be near the love of his life, who was the daughter of the Air Force base Colonel, Alicia Mindreau. Alicia Mindreau was portrayed as an indifferent, emotionless daughter, who had a secret with her father. The Colonel was haughty and an extreme racist, “a man who went strictly by the book” (19). He strictly followed the caste system of the Latin culture, and believed strongly that his upper-class daughter was swindled and taken advantage of by the lower class Molero. There was one more significant character, Alicia’s appointed boyfriend, Lieutenant Dufo. He was described by the Colonel as weak minded and weak characterized. However, he was born from an upper family, so the Colonel appointed him to Alicia so that the Colonel could control the boyfriend and his daughter in the long run. As the story carried on, evidences slowly emerge to the surface, and the murderer slowly surfaced. The Colonel was doubtfully guilty of the murder, whether appointed or really carried out the operation. The last part was very confusing for me, I was not certain about the Colonel’s words. The evidences seemed solid and yet vague, the author did not directly address the speakers of many dialogues, thus I was very confused. My interpretation of the story was that the Colonel wanted to save face; therefore, he lied to the Lieutenant about his daughter being sick and had delusions. The Colonel killed his daughter and committed suicide himself at the end. Again, I thought that was because he did not want to deal with the scandals that would burst out after the investigation went public. Therefore he chose death over losing his dignity. I was not certain about the real murderer of Palomino Molero. I believed that the “jealousy boyfriend” was actually the Colonel. If in fact, the incest affair was true, I believed that the Colonel would be twisted enough to torture the boy as described in the book. He was both jealoused and furious about Molero’s relationship with Alicia. First of all, he was jealous about Molero actually winning over Alicia’s heart, not just physically. Secondly, in his twisted mind, he was determined that Molero raped Alicia. The Colonel believed that Alicia was too innocent to distinguish between love and coax. The Colonel probably believed that he was the only one who could protect Alicia, and I also believed the Colonel imprinted his deceased wife onto Alicia. This is why Alicia emphasized in the novel several times that “what you call falling in love is disgusting, and what we had was beautiful.”(108) My interpretation for this sentence was that the Colonel tried to brainwash Alicia into believing that the incest relationship was not wrong but was rather an expression of the Colonel’s deep and faithful love to Alicia. The brain washing was reflected through Alicia’s dialogue “I don’t need anyone to protect me. My daddy protects me. He’s all I need.” (114) I feel that when the Colonel was describing about Alicia’s delusions, he was actually describing himself. This was also hinted by Lituma’s thoughts that the Colonel was “ just like his daughter, … Elusions, delusions, whatever it is.” (128). Nevertheless in the novel, the Colonel said that Lieutenant Dufo and another officer, Molero’s close mate, were appointed by him to kill Molero, and they were responsible for the torture. He said that Dufo and the mate were drunk, and they tortured Mario out of “revenge, a broken heart, tarnished honor”(127). The author did not give a definite answer to the Colonel’s confessions. The author narrated “Lituma had many things to ask about and comment on, but he didn’t dare open his mouth, paralyzed as he was by an ambiguous sensation of confusion and sadness.”(134) followed by Lituma’s self-conflicts between Alicia’s oblivious appearances and the Colonel’s words. There wasn't a definite truth about the murderer. I think the author did not name the story Who Killed Palomino Molero? by accident, he named it because he wanted the readers to decide who the murderer was. All the conversations told by the main characters within the story were twisted with ambiguity and confusion, probably with lies as well. From my perspectives, I believe the Colonel was the murderer, because he made up a story where he was the loving father and he only ordered to kill Molero in order to protect his daughter. I thought that was very fake, and I did not believe Dufo had the guts to torture a child like that. He seemed to have gone crazy after he witnessed the murder, thus I did not believe he had the guts to carry out the whole torture of Molero. The Colonel seemed to be heartless, and he was cold enough to kill his own daughter. He seemed to be the perfect fit for the murderer.

       The novel seem to be a typical detective story, however, this novel exposes many of the social problems within the Latin culture in 1950s. First of all, there were evidences of machismo throughout the story. Machismo describes the attitude of men in the 1950s, where they treat women as objects and show no respect for them. In the story, the brothel was mentioned repeatedly, and “whores” and “son of bitches” are used constantly throughout the story to show the lack of respect for women. It also reflects the low social status for women at the time. One of the whores named Tiger Lily came to Lieutenant Silva and Lituma in the hopes that they could stop her pimp from beating her every day. At the end of the story, the author mentioned Tiger Lily was flirting with Lieutenant Silva, offering him sexual favors, and happily whispered to him that her pimp “ hasn't slugged [her] now for three days.” (44) This section reflected machismo vividly. From the whole context, Tiger Lily seem like an object or a livestock to the pimp. In modern days, despite the foul business of the pimp, physical abuse is a serious crime in society. However, from the descriptions, it seemed so common at that time. The promiscuity of Tiger Lily and her sexual offerings as gratitude to the Lieutenant also showed that women at that time were brainwashed into thinking they were born as sex machines to the man. They seemed like they accepted their destinies and accept machismo within their society. They thought getting beaten and offering sexual favors were part of their every life. The whores did not seem to be ashamed of it, but rather enjoying the brothel and the companies of the man. Other reflection of machismo can be seen by Lieutenant Silva’s strong feelings toward Dona Adriana. Even though Dona Adriana was married and had kids, Lieutenant Silva bears no inhibitions with respect to how he lusts after the chubby women. He often describes Adriana with hidden licentious manners, and announced several times that he was going to screw her while her husband was gone for fishing. At the end of the novel, there was a twist in the story. Dona Adriana took the initiative in challenging Silva’s macho pride by her role-reversing sexual taughting of the Lieutenant, and she succeeded in scaring the Lieutenant out of his wits. Dona Adriana told Lituma “Your boss took off like a shot with his tail between his legs. And he made out that it was I who offended him, the wise guy!”(148) The moral of the one sided love of the Lieutenant to Dona Adriana showed that many of the guys who expressed machismo at the time were just big phonies who only knew how to big talk.

       Class prejudice was also a big problem shown through the novel. The Colonel for instance insisted that Molero raped Alicia. He believes “The daughter of a base commander does not fall in love with a guitar player from Castilla”(129) despite of the fact that the whole town of Amotape could testify that Molero and Alicia were madly in love. Even though the Lieutenant repeatedly asked the Colonel to reconsider the circumstance that there may be true love between them, the Colonel disregards the suggestion and simply replied “ Delusions, delusions. Lying fantasies. She wasn’t in love with him, she couldn’t fall in love with him…”.(129) The Colonel denied Molero as an equal human being. Molero was a cholo, and the Colonel treated the lower classes like dirt. The problem with class can also be reflected by Alicia’s name calling. Alicia refers Molero as “Palito” because it sounded more white and more upper class. This showed the racist atmosphere in old Latin culture. The lower classes were stumped on by the upper classes, and were denied of their identities by the upper class. If Alicia truly loved him, she should have accepted who Molero was, and of course should have respected his own name. Lituma had mentioned in the novel that Alicia was similar to the Colonel, because she was also a racist. I believe part of the reason that Alicia fell in love with Molero was because Molero did not look like a cholo. Alicia told the detectives that Molero was the politest man that she had ever seen and that “he doesn't look like a cholo. It’s true he didn't.” (100) In the old Latin culture, the lower class people were stereotyped to be rude and uneducated. This was probably why Alicia felt that Molero was not like a cholo. This kind of prejudice had made the Alicia and Molero’s love impossible, and it probably symbolized many of the tragic love stories that had happened in the older times between young people of different social classes in Latin America.

       Lastly, but not least, the corruption of the governments were shown throughout the last part of the story. Even though the case was solved and murderers were punished, the citizen did not believe that was the whole story. They suspected that there was a bigger story, and the death of the Colonel was only to cover up for the crimes that were committed by the “big guys”(143). A citizen at the end of the novel complained to the Lieutenant “Around here, it’s always us poor people who get shafted, never the big guys,..” (143). This presented a serious social problem, that the citizen had no faith in the government. Corruption was probably very common at the time, and many cover-ups and scapegoats were used which lead to the mistrusts between the citizens and the government. In addition, despite the hardy work of the detective in solving the case. The detectives not only did not get promoted, but rather demoted and transferred to remote area. This showed how corrupted the government was and how they were infuriated because the case did not go cold, but rather stirred up a scandal in the upper class officials. This problem was also echoed through the section where the detectives went to visit Dona Lupe. The whole town citizens were kept quiet due to the death threats from the officers. The book described how the officer pressed the gun up to Dona Lupe’s breasts and threatened her that if she dared to say a world, the officer would “come back and blow [her] brains out, then shoot [her] in the stomach, and then shoot [her] between the legs”.(78) This horrific scene vividly pictured the misuse of power by the officers at the old times, and their menacing intimidations to the citizens. Such misuse of authority only happens at places where the governments are so corrupted that there are neither justice nor law to govern the nation. In fact, that was exactly the conditions of people’s lives in old Latin America. There were no rules, no laws to protect the people. The novel bluntly exposed the sinful corruptions that were happening within the governing systems.

In conclusion, Who killed Palomino Molero? may seem like an ordinary mystery story, but in reality it far exceeded the realm of a fictional story. It exposed many of the social issues that were occurring in Latin America back in the 1950s. The book covers issues such as racism, stereotypes and prejudice, and corruptions. The characters represented the attitudes of the people at the time, and the helplessness of the common people. The book was short, but very intriguing. You really have to go back several times to reread the dialogues in order to speculate your own investigation. Since the author cunningly integrate both evidence and vagueness into the dialogues, the novel really gets you thinking and analyzing what had really happen. I would definitely recommend this book to my friends, I had a blast reading it and trying to make things work out in my mind for several days!

References and sites consulted:

1)      Mario Vargas Llosa.(1988). Who Killed Palomino Molero?. New York, USA. Collier Books Macmillan Publishing Company.

2)      Jeruen Dery (2010). Who Killed Palomino Molero? Reviews. Retrieved from < http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/175280634>

3)      Mackintosh, Fiona J. "Innocence and corruption: Who Killed Palomino Molero? and The Storyteller." The Cambridge Companion to Mario Vargas Llosa. Eds. Efraín Kristal and John King. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Cambridge Collections Online. Cambridge University Press. 20 June 2012

4)      Swanson, Philip. (2003). “The Politics of Detection: Uncovering and Obscuring in the Post-Boom Fiction of Mario Vargas Llosa and Juan Jose Saer”. University of Manchester: Centre for Latin American Cultural Studies. Working paper 2. Retrieved from < http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/socialanthropology/postgraduate/clacs/documents/Swanson_PoliticsofDetection.pdf>

5)      Patric Martin. (2011). “Who killed Palomino Molero summary”. Gmail Blogger Post. Retrieved from < http://pmartin760.blogspot.ca/2011/04/who-killed-palomino-molero-summary.html>

6)      Enotes. (2012).” Who killed Palomino Molero At a glance:” Enotes Literature. Reterived from < http://www.enotes.com/who-killed-palomino-molero-salem/who-killed-palomino-molero> 

Famous social movements in Latin America

Social movements are often triggered by strong dissatisfaction with the political system. They are movements that contest power structures, in order to invoke the need for fundamental changes.

Peronismo - is an Argentine political movement lead by Juan Domingo Peron and his second wife Eva Peron. Juan Domingo Peron's economical plan include independence for Argentina by reducing foreign influences on the economy, principally by nationlizing foregin owned companies and by paying off Argentina's external debt.









Carenismo- lead by General Lazaro Cardenas in 1950s. The movement facilitated trade unions, industrialization, creating a powerful social movement from the personalist.


Castrismo- social movement in Cuba named after socialist leader Fidel Castro. This social movement eventually overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959. Fidel Castro Ruz is the most controversial politician of his generation.




Chavismo- a renewed model of the Peronist model by Hugo Chavez. He was elected in 1998 as a radical
populist, drew a decidedly independent foreign policy, calling for Cuba’s readmission to the organization of
American States, giving shelter to Colombian guerrillas on the run and seeking to radicalize OPEC, proposed
an economic policy against US economic model, received support from the poor and social excluded people
from VEN.


Sandinismo- In Nicaragua 1979, Sandinistas seized power and forged a powerful peasant-based guerilla army to fight against the US military occupationa of NIC.
 

Collection of emblems and imagery for labour movements across Latin America.

MST supporters in Brazil

Argentina Labor Movements

Ethnography Analysis

Ethnography Analysis for: Pluralizing Ethnography

By:Yuxing Wang

             

       Pluralizing Ethnography, edited by John M. Watanabe and Edward F. Fischer, was published in 2004 by the SAR Press. This Ethnography focuses on the comparison and representation in Maya cultures, histories and identities, through a wide time span of 500 years^[2]. The volume consists of ten essays, with a total page count of three hundred and seventy pages. This ethnography had challenged the generic works of ethnography pieces as being overly insular and homogenizing. In fact, this Ethnography is the master piece of nine anthropologists, five working in Mexico and four working in highland Guatemala, and an addition of a non-Mesoamerican discussant, at an advanced seminar sponsored by the School of American Research in Oct 2000^[1].

       This seminar was named “Culture Theory and Cross-Cultural Comparison: Maya Culture and History in a Multicultural World”. This Seminar assessed the contrasting historical circumstances and emerging cultural futures of Maya people in Mexico and Guatemala^[1]. This ethnography consists of researches and comments from contemporary Maya cultural activists with an enduring sense of Mayan-ness from a historical consciousness of five hundred years of cultural resilience. The participants are focused on the history of Maya people and Maya anthropology by examine different aspects of the Mayans, this include their language, religion, political attitudes and activism, ethnographic traditions, and the relationship between economic change, migration, and cultural identity. The participants also focus extensively on the differences of the Maya people located between Mexico and Guatemala. They put emphasizes on culture recovers and intermediate linkages between the personal and the political, the local and the global among the Mayan populations. These controlled comparison across national boundaries and histories, result in showing the articulation between locally constructed meanings and global transformations for the Mayan people^[2].

       The ethnography consists of ten essays from the participants of the seminar. The similarity between the essays is that they all cover a broad content under the researched topics with specific events and dates ranging through the five hundred year span for the Maya race as supporting evidences and examples. They concentrate on the continuities and discontinuities of cultural and linguistic studies and identity. They mark and highlight on the development and evolvements through the pre-colonial period to contemporary times^[3]. They also compare histories and predict emerging cultural futures between Mayans located in different nations whose experiences differ because of their residing communities, despite of their common ethnic identities. Many Mayans, as mentioned in the ethnography, have struggles to correctly identify them to a particular culture. This is due to the vast amount of cultures presenting in the Mayan regions through history. Many of the Mayan lines have introduced to other races. Thus, many of the Mayans identify themselves to the local communities which they live rather than the general Mayan race. However, this ethnography was not intended to dig through the Maya society in trying to find a pure Mayan blood line, but rather to investigate the integrations and evolvements of the Mayan and other races. The ethnography focus on how the Mayans adapt and accommodate the changes, such as political changes and uprises through the course of history, and how they identify themselves within the massive concentration of different cultures.

       This non-fiction ethnography was difficult for me to read since I had a very limited knowledge base about the Mayan culture. I had to do many researches on particular terms and events mentioned in the essays. Through the whole of Chapter two, which is about the history of the Mayans, the author used many of the names of the different races and political events without really describing them in details. Thus it was very difficult for me to understand. I think the intended audiences of this ethnography are higher level students, or people who specialize in Mayan studies with a moderate knowledge of the Mayan culture. The descriptions and comments of each event were described in moderate details. There weren’t many arguments from the book. I think the authors are trying to document things rather than providing personal opinions or ideas. The tones of the authors are generally neutral in an attempt to avoid biasness or misjudgments. However they do tend to get boring after a while of reading because the essay just generally describes the events and their affects. Since this is a non-fiction work, I felt like I was reading a text book. There were no plots, no ups and downs and no climax. Therefore it was a rather boring reading. However, it may be intriguing to people who are of the Mayan descent or has a great interest in the Mayas. The book has a lot of information and a great reference data base.

       I would definitely recommend this book to people who specialize in the Maya culture, or has a great interest in learning it. I think it covers almost all of the major events that have happened to the Mayas. The book is well constructed, many of the essays has an outline before the body of the essays to clarify the points that are going to be mentioned in the essay. The book is none biased, and provides a great deal of information and also a great data base. The index in the back of the book helps the reader to easily and quickly find a specific event or topic that they are interested. There is also a well-organized reference section with many book sources relating to the Maya culture.

       In conclusion, this ethnography is a detailed reading of the changes and accommodations of the Maya culture through the past five hundred years. This book covers a vast amount of information of the Maya, and is the concentrated masterpiece of ten bright minds. The amount of information provided by the book impressed me the most, I feel that each of the essays provide the best works of the authors. The points made by the authors are precise and direct. Since the authors all had to include and highlight only the most important information they want to include in their essays. There weren’t extra information that I thought was useless. Everything is pretty much short and sweet, and this is what I liked about the essays.

References:

[1]  Watanabe, John M. and Edward F.Fishcher. Pluralizing Ethnography. United State of America. School of American Research Press. SAR Press (2004). Print.

[2] Edward F. Fischer. Pluralizing Ethnography. Professor of Anthropology, Director, Center for Latin American Studies. Web. Jun 15, 2012. <http://www.tedfischer.org/pluralizing-ethnography/ >

[3] University of Alberta Library. Pluralizing Ethnography Summery. University of Alberta Rutherford-Humanities & Social Science. Web. Jun 15,2012.<http://web.sirsitest.library.ualberta.ca/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/57/123/X?user_id=WUAARCHIVE&_search_ui=ilink>

Interesting Article

An interesting news article that I stumbled upon when researching
about Latino news involves a Mexican mother blinding her 5 year old
child in a satanic ritual. This occurred on May 24, 2012 at 8:30 am in
the town of San Agustin Atlapulco. Ten people were involved in this
incident that was believed to have stemmed from religious reasons.
Witnesses tell police that Rios Garcia, the mother of the young boy,
consoled the boy into closing his eyes. It was then that her stuck her
fingers into his eyes, blinding him. Several members that were present
at the ceremony were under the influence of drugs or were too shocked
to help the boy. Thankfully, relatives of the family eventually
contacted the police and the boy was transferred to a hospital where
he is now under sedation and out of mortal danger. Unfortunately, this
act of his mother will follow him for life as doctors say that he
suffers severe trauma and will never regain his sight.




http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/05/24/mexican-mother-blinds-her-son-in-satanic-ritual/?intcmp=obinsite

Mundo Quino

This is a cartoon picture drawn by Mundo Quino. Since I don't understand Spanish, I chose one without words. I think what this cartoon is trying to tell is that everything can be bought and pirated in the world now, and it is becoming a major issue. In this case, the soldier on the left actually earned the metal with honour. On the right side, we see a business man trying to sell an identical metal with a price tag attached to it, and the solder is happily reaching into his pockets to grab money to buy it. I think this is a contemporary issue around the world, as there are so many frauds and cheats in the world. People are getting certificates or other sort of recognitions  without really putting into the efforts. However, these actions may result in very serious circumstances. I believe Mundo drew this cartoon, in the hope to raise awareness among the general public about these frauds.

Favourite Painter

Frida Kahlo

(1907-1954)

The Artist Frida Kahlo stand out for me from the rest of the painters we learned in class. First of all, she was a woman, as woman artists were way fewer in number than famous men artists.  Her art was very different from other artists, because she refused to portrait the female body as an object of beauty and consumption, but rather depict them in mutilated forms.  This was rather odd to me, but was really interesting to look at her works. 

Frida's work were often related to a theme of pain and illness, this was because of her life encounters of polio and a traffic accident. She also expressed her feelings about her tumultuous relationship with the muralist Diego Rivera through her art works, often depicted as pain and mutilation. Her other painting focuses on her struggles with clarifying her identities or nationalities. 

Frida's work had mostly focused on self portraits of one sort or another. Her explanation for this is because "I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best." She also suggested 

 "I was born a bitch. I was born a painter."  I like her because she seems like a strong woman with a cool attitude!

The Two Fridas (1939)

What the Water Gave Me (1922)

Self-Portrait On The Border Line Between Mexico And The United States (1932)

Song Analysis - Cancion Mixteca

Cancion Mixteca - By  José López Alavez

Lyrics:

(Spanish)

¡Que lejos estoy del suelo donde he nacido!         

inmensa nostalgia invade mi pensamiento;

y al ver me tan solo y triste cual hoja al viento,

quisiera llorar, quisiera morir de sentimiento.

¡Oh Tierra del Sol! Suspiro por verte

ahora que lejos yo vivo sin luz, sin amor;

y al verme tan solo y triste cual hoja al viento,

quisiera llorar, quisiera morir de sentimiento. 

(English)

How far I am from the land where I was born!

Immense nostalgia invades my thoughts;

And seeing myself so lonely and sad like a leaf in the wind,

I want to cry, I want to die from this feeling.

Oh Land of the Sun! I yearn to see you!

Now that I'm so far from you, I live without light and love;

And seeing myself so lonely and sad like a leaf in the wind,

I want to cry, I want to die from this feeling.     

Song Analysis for Cancion Mixteca by José López Alavez

       The song Cancion Mixteca is a pronounced Mexican folk song, written and composed by the Oaxacan musician José López Alavez. López Alavez composed the melody of the song in the year 1912, and added the lyrics later in 1915.^[1] Cancion Mixteca is López Alavez’s best work in his life time, because this song reminds thousands of Mexicans around the world about their roots back home.^[2]

José López Alavez was from Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca. He composed the song Cancion Mixteca because of his feelings of homesickness for his home town of Oaxaca after moving to Mexico City. ^[1] The song is a hymn to his birthplace along with   the nostalgia felt by Oaxacans who has never forgotten their roots. In contemporary times, the song became an anthem both for the Oaxaca and Mexican citizens living abroad^[2].

The song is important especially to the people from Oaxaca, because López Alavez was from Oaxaca. Oaxaca is located southwestern Mexico, which boarders the state of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, Chiapas to the east. It is one of the 31 states of the federative entities of Mexico. Oaxaca is well known for its indigenous people and culture. There are sixteen officially recognized groups of indigenous people in the area, with Zapotecs and Mixtecs taking the majority of the indigenous population.^[3] The song is popular especially among the natives who were abolished from their home and stripped from their traditions.

        Cancion Mixteca belongs to the genre of Ranchera^[5], which is a genre of the traditional music of Mexico originally sang by only one performer with a guitar. This genre dates back to the years of the Mexican Revolution in the early 20^th century, which was around the time López Alavez composed this song.^[4] The lyrics expose his immense feelings of love and patriotism about his home country. His words are very strong, as the song progresses, he gets more vigorous, emphasizing on the loneliness and depressions he felt with his conditions. He repeatedly mentioned he would rather die than living under such an excruciating condition. These lyrics are very deep and bitter, however, they spurt sympathy and common feelings among the many people who are away from their native lands. Thus, the song leaves a strong impression inside many of its listener’s hearts.

       This song has been sang by many different singers, because their common feelings with José López Alavez. The melody of the song is soft, and harmonious. This is different from many of the patriotic songs, since they are more sorrow and sad in their melodies. The rhythm of the song seems more romantic. For me, it feels like he is singing about a long lost lover that he reminisces every day. Even though I don’t understand Spanish, but the way the lyrics are sang, they sound like he was singling about a sweet sorrow love. I guess you can relate that with the meaning of the lyrics, because López Alavez loved his country. In his eyes, I believe that his country was like his long lost lover that he mourned and grieved about every day. I really enjoy listening to the song because of its relaxing melody and slow singing.

       I was not born in Canada, therefore, I feel I can relate to the song in some ways. I am from China and I came to Canada when I was 13. I don’t feel as much sorrow as López Alavez depicted in his music. I love Canada, for me, I consider it as a second home, and I feel I am welcome and comfortable living in this country. However, I can understand some of the pain López Alavez was describing. First of all, my homeland China is about a 14 hour flight from Canada. Therefore, I don’t get many opportunities to go back to China and visit my other relatives living there. I feel I’m slowly cut off from those relatives as time goes by because of the little opportunities I get to go back. Secondly, I understand to a certain extend about the pains that López Alavez felt; about how he didn’t feel the new land as home, and probably he had problems fitting in as well. I remember when I first came to Canada, language was my biggest problem. I didn't feel like I was able to communicate with the other kids, and I felt I was not fitting in to the groups. That was a tough time, and I really missed my old friends back in China. I came to Canada with my mother. I believe it was very hard for her being a single mom and starting a new life in a completely foreign land. Thus I did not want to worry her about my difficulties in school. Sometimes, I did feel alone and also wanted to cry, but things got better as time went by.

       Now, I don’t have as much problems communicating in English as when I first came here, and I have made many friends. I am becoming more and more accommodated into this country and its cultures. I consider Canada as my second home, because my family and friends are here, and that is where my life is right now. However, sometimes I still feel foreign. Many of my customs and traditions have not changed because it is part of my identity and my roots, even though they may not fit into the western culture. However, I do honor them because it is part of who I am. I do miss my country occasionally, especially the food and festivals back home, but I do love Canada as my second home, and I am very happy of where I am right now. 

       In conclusion, Cancion Mixteca is a memorable song with deep meaning along with a soft melody. I connected with the song, because I am a person who is living away from my native country as well. The feelings, however, are not as strong as the lyrics depicted Cancion Mixteca, and also with some other perspectives. I can understand somewhat the homesick feelings that López Alavez felt when he was writing this song. It was a good song, and it really brought back some of the memories from my past when I was writing this report.

References:

[1]“Cancion mixteca”. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancion_mixteca

[2] Juan Antonio Ruiz Zwollo(1995-2012), Oaxaca’s Tourist Guide,Retrieved from: http://oaxaca-travel.com/guide/cultural.php?getdoc=true&lang=us&doc=home&section=&atractivo=10.10.08.17

[3] “Oaxaca”. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca

[4]Brenner, H. (1996). Música ranchera. Das mexikanische Äquivalent zur Country and Western Music aus historischer, musikalischer und kommerzieller Sicht (Música ranchera: El equivalente mexicano de la música country y la música del Oeste) (Musikethnologische Sammelbände 14). Foreword by Thomas Stanford. Tutzing: Verlag Hans Schneider, 1996 Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchera

[5] Mariachi Publishing Company (1997-2012) , Cancion Mixteca: Retrieved from : http://www.mariachi4u.com/lyrics/Cancionmixteca.htm

Latin American Music Styles

Salsa

Salsa is based on Cuban music in rhythm, tempo,bass line, riffs and instrumentation.It is perhaps the most familiar genre for non-Latin American listeners. It is popular across the globe, and it is slowly incorporating other musical styles including rock, jazz, and other Latin American musical traditions to create more variation from the original Salsa. 

Cumbia


Cumbia music was originated from panama as a type of folk music, and later this genre of music  became the Columbian national music. Cumbia was first started as a slow dance by the slaves and natives of Colombia. Contemporary Cumbia music frequently expresses the distress of the African slaves. The music is played mainly by drums and indigenous flutes.

Bolero

Bolero was emerged from the 19th century from an old Spanish dance. This type of music is often slow in tempo and romantic in theme. Therefore, it is categorized as a balladic style of music. The music was originated from Cuba, but later has became popular around the Caribbean area, and finally taking root in the surrounding islands and Mexico. 

Cha-cha-cha


Cha-cha-cha is considered a Cuban music genre. It is popular not only in Cuba,but Mexico and some of the states in the USA. Cha-cha-cha is considered a dance music genre is almost completely accompanied with some sort of dance. The music itself is upbeat, and lively. 

Tango


Tango and its accompanying dance was originated from the urban poor of Buenos Aires in the 1890s. Tango is considered a style of ball room dance music, and was originally played by the orquesta tipica, which includes two violins, piano, double bass, and two bandoneons. Tango may be purely instrumental or include a vocalist. Tango is the more popular type of music from Latin America that has penetrated in to a global market, thus is popular global wide.  

Reggaetón

Reggaeton is an urban form of music originated from  the Caribbean music. The genre became popular in Puerto Rico, and later spread across the globe. Modern Reggaeton mixs Jamaican musical and elements of the Latin America genres, such as, salsa, Latin hip pop, and electronics along with elements of rapping and singing. Reggaeton is typically in Spanish, and its lyrics tend to be derived from hip pop musicals. 

Bachata

Bachata was originated from the Dominican Republics in the early 20th Century. It is popular especially in Latin America and Mediterranean Europe. Bachata is often romantic, and its subjects usually around tales of heartbreak and sadness. Bachata is also known as a form of dance, which is developed from the music. 

Andean Music


Andean music was originated by the indigenous people from the Inca Empire prior to the European arrival. The Andean Music includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular especially among the indigenous populations in Latin America. 

Marimba Music

The Marimba music was developed in Guatemala from the diatonic marimba. Contemporary composers have utilized the unique sound of the marimba in to great musics more and more in recent years. Elements of Marimba music is also incorporated to many jazz music for an improved effect. 

Reggae


Reggae was originated from Jamaica in the late 1960s, but later became popular in Latin America. The Reggae music is easily recognized by the rhythmic accents on the off beat. Reggae has a strong tempo and an emphasize on its drum effects. 

Tejano music

Tejano music is a mixture of various forms of folk and popular music originated from the Mexican-American populations in Texas. The music is often played by instruments such as the flute, guitar and drum. It also includes vocals singing songs that were passed down by the original Mexico natives. This music style has had great influence in Mexico, and other Latin American countries. 

Merengue

The Merengue music was originated from the Dominican Republic in the mid-19th century. This type of music is mainly composed of French minuets of the 19th century, with a mix of African salves culture. The African aspect adds new rhythms and an upbeat to the original minuet. The genre is typically played by a combination of guitar, guiro, tambora, and marimba. 

Latin ballad

Latin Ballad is fluorinated in the 1960s in Latin America and Spain. It is really difficult to sing Latin Ballad, thus the singers are often recognized as skilled singers. In modern times, this genre became the dominant musical genre of Latin pop. 

Mambo

The Mambo music was originated from Cuba and then developed in Mexico. Mambo means "conversation with the gods" in Kikongo, this was the language spoken by the Central African slaves from Cuba. Modern mambo music was born from a song called "Mambo" written in 1938. The music was backed by rhythms derived from African folk music.  

Latin Jazz


Latin Jazz is a jazz with Latin American rhythms. It can also be interpretative as jazz from Latin America. However Latin Jazz has a great influence from the Africa culture.   There are two main types of Latin Jazz in Latin America, one is Afro-Cuban-jazz, which is often presented in Cuban popular dance music. The other is Afro-Brazilian jazz, which includes bossa nova and jazz samba.

Mariachi

Mariachi was orginated in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The music is a mixture of stringed instruments highly influenced by the Western Mexico cultural impacts. The traditional mariachi consist of brass, wind and percussion instruments.

Bossa Nova Brazillian Music 


The Bossa Nova is a well-known type of Brazillian music developed in the 1950s. It is a mixture of samba and jazz. The Bossa Nova music is a vital element of the standard jazz repertoire. The name "bossa nove" means New Trend.

Vallenato

Vallenato was originated from the Caribbean coast of Columbia. This type of music represent the heritage of the Columbia's northern region. It also emphasizes the syncretism of the three main instruments used to play the music, the guacharaca, the accordion, and the caja drum. Vallenato is considered a type of folk music, and is preserved and passed on in oral forms. Many of the best Vallenato songs are impossible to be represented by musical notes on papers.